Soul Mountain (chinese)
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"Soul Mountain is one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves… In the writing of Gao Xingjian literature is born anew from the struggle of the individual to survive the history of the masses."
– from the citation of the Nobel Prize committee of the Swedish Academy
When this year's Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Chinese expatriate novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian, few in the English-speaking West were familiar with his work. Gao's masterpiece, SOUL MOUNTAIN (PerfectBound, an e-book from HarperCollins; February 20, 2001; $19.95), is a dazzling kaleidoscope of fiction, philosophy, history and fable. Elegantly translated by Australian sinologist Mabel Lee, this richly textured autobiographical novel recounts a dual journey-a literal journey into the heart of China and a spiritual journey of the self.
When Gao was 43, he was incorrectly diagnosed with lung cancer. Resigned to death by the same means that had claimed his father just a few years before, Gao spent six weeks indulging his appetites and reading philosophy. The spot on Gao's lung mysteriously disappeared, but a new threat arose when rumors began to circulate that he was to be sent to a prison farm because of his controversial writings. No longer facing imminent death, the writer quickly left Beijing and disappeared into the remote forest regions of Sichuan, then spent five months wandering along the Yangtze River from its source down to the coast. Gao's 15,000 kilometer sojourn forms the geographic parameters of the fictional journey in SOUL MOUNTAIN.
While on a train at the start of his trip, the writer protagonist meets another traveler who says he is going to Lingshan, "soul mountain," which can be found by the remote source of the You River. The writer has never heard of such a place, and he resolves to go there, but his fellow traveler can give him none but the vaguest directions. Thus begins a metaphoric odyssey into the hinterlands of China and the outlying Qiang, Miao and Yi districts that dangle on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization.
The writer is in search of the traditions that are hidden in rural China, and as he travels he encounters a parade of unforgettable characters who embody both vestiges of the past-Daoist masters, Buddhist monks, ancient calligraphers-and the modern culture that has surfaced since the revolution: small town communist cadres, budding entrepreneurs, independent young girls grappling with parochial repression. The two worlds exist uneasily as one, with stories and customs from centuries past colliding with a world of televisions, automobiles, and technology. All is permeated by the dark legacy of the Cultural Revolution, the encroachment of ecological damage, and the harsh monetary realities of everyday life in contemporary China.
SOUL MOUNTAIN is a dazzling work of the imagination, where classic fables merge with tales of modern cruelty and ancient philosophy does battle with existentialism. But Gao goes deeper still as he explores notions of the devastation of the self at the hands of social expectations. He continually shifts his narrative voice as the "I" of the writer becomes the "you" of an imagined companion, then the "she" of a woman companion. Yet all reflects back on the protagonist, who craves these two seemingly contradictory ends-the solitude necessary for nurturing the self and the anxiety-provoking warmth of human society.
Gao began this novel in the mid-eighties, then carried the manuscript with him when he fled China in 1987. Now living in Paris, he completed the book there in 1989. His writings continue to be banned in his native country. As Gao's work at last gains the public's attention here in the West, SOUL MOUNTAIN provides a dazzling introduction to the achievement of one of contemporary literature's acknowledged masters.
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五十九
我靠在有干净罩单的弹簧床上,墙上贴的带模压花纹的淡黄壁纸,窗上挂着钩花的白窗帘,深红的地毯铺在地上,对面还摆了一对罩上大毛巾的沙发,房里有带澡缸的卫生间,要不是手里捧着这本田间号子《蓐草锣鼓》油印资料,我很难相信是在这神农架林区里。这座新的两层楼房本来为美国科学考察队盖的,由放某种原因他们未曾能来,便成了下来观察的各级领导的招待所。我得到那位科长的关照,到这林区又受到特别照顾,房钱和伙食都按最低标准收费,每顿饭还有啤酒,尽管我觉得还是米酒更加好喝。享受到这种整洁和舒适,毕竟令我心清平静,正可以安心多住几天,那么匆匆赶路细想也无甚必要。
房里有种吟吟声,我先以为是虫鸣,四下看了一遍,连房顶也粉刷得雪白,装的滚圆的乳白灯罩,没有虫子栖身的地方。这声音不断吟唱,是在空中,不可捉摸。细听像一个女人的歌声,总缭绕我,等我放下手中的那本材料,就又没有了。我拿起再看,却又在耳边。我恐怕是耳鸣,索性起来走动一下,推开窗户。楼前,外面铺了沙五的平场子上,阳光明亮。将近中午时分,远近一无人影,莫非它来自我心里?这是一种我难以追随的曲调,没有唱词,可又觉得似乎熟悉,有些像我听过的山区农妇哭丧。
我决定出去看看,打开房门,从大门到了楼前的场子上,坡下一条湍急的小河被阳光照得碧清。四面青山岭虽然没有成片的森林,植被尚茂盛,坡下一条通汽车的土路伸向前方一两公里远的林区中心的小镇。左边,青葱高耸的山岭下有一所学校,球场上没有学生,大概都在教室里上课。这山乡的教师总不会向学生教唱丧歌。况且四下清静,只有山上的风涛声,再就是河水哗哗声响。河边有个临时的工棚,工棚外没有人。吟唱声不知不觉消失了。
我回到房里,在临窗的书桌前坐下,想就这本民歌资料作点摘抄,却又听见它吟唱起来,像大悲痛之后趋放平静尚不可抑止的忧伤,缓缓流淌。这就有点怪异了,我必须找出个究竟,是真有人唱还是我自己心里的毛病?我仰头,它就在我后脑勺,我转过身去,它又悬在空中,分明得如同一缕游丝。风中飘过的蛛丝还有形迹,它却无形,而且把握不住。我循声站到沙发的扶手上,才发现它来自房门上的气窗。我搬把椅子,站上去琢磨这擦得锋亮的玻璃,连灰尘也不明显。我打开气窗,它便到了走廊上。我从椅子上下来开了房门,它又上了廊檐。我把椅子搬出来,站上去,也还够不到高处。走廊外面,阳光里是一个水泥地面的小院,拉了根铁丝晒着我早上洗的几件衣服,自然都不会唱。再就是依山的围墙,围墙后挡着一片荒草和荆条丛生的山坡,没有路。我从廊下走进阳光里,那声音有点分明了,仿佛来自头顶的阳光。我眯眼仰望,刺目的阳光中有种又尖锐又纯重的金属撞击声。眼睛晕眩了一下,等那眩目的太阳褪变成墨兰的映像时,手遮挡下才看见了半山腰一片裸露的岩壁上有几个细小的人影在活动,金属撞击声从那里远远传来。进而,又看清了是几个采石工,一个好像穿的红背心,其他几个脱光的上身同炸开的褐黄的岩壁分不很清楚。吟唱声顺着风势飞扬在阳光中,时而清晰,时而隐约。
我想起可以用我那相机的变焦镜头拉近来看,立刻回房里取了相机。果真是个穿红背心的汉子在轮大锤,听来像是女人哭腔的高亢的吟唱应着钢钎的声响,扶钎的另一个赤膊的男人像在应和。
大概是相机镜头上太阳的反光被他们察觉了,歌声消失了。那几个采石工都停下了手上的活计,朝我这方向望。什么声音也没有了,沉寂得令人燥热。可我多少有点快意,终于证明了并非我心病,听觉也还正常。
我回到房里,想写点什么,可写什么呢?哪怕描述一下打石号子的吟唱也好,提笔却写不出一个字来。
我想不妨晚间找他们喝酒聊天去,倒也是种排遣,便搁下笔,到小镇上去了。
从一家小铺子提了一瓶烧酒,买了包下酒的花生出来,不料在路上遇到了借我这本资料的朋友,他说他还收集到山里好些民歌的手抄本,我正求之不得,请他来聊聊。他这会有事,说好晚饭后再来。
夜里等他到了十点多钟,这招待所里只我一位来客,四下寂静得好生烦闷。我正后悔没去找那些石匠神聊,突然有人敲窗户。我听出是他的声音,开了窗。他说大门推不开,楼上的女服务员准是锁门已经睡觉了。我接过他的手电筒和一个纸包,他从窗户爬了进来,这令我多少有些快活。立刻开了酒瓶,一人倒上半茶杯。
我已经无法追忆他的模样,我记得他似乎瘦小,又好像个子细高,看上去有点怯弱,言谈中还又透出一股未被生活压垮的热情。他的相貌无关紧要,令我喜悦的是他向我展示的他那分宝藏。他把报纸包打开,除了些笔记本,全是些破损不堪的民间流传的手抄本。我-一翻阅,他见我喜欢得不行,十分慷慨,说:
"你喜欢那首,只管抄去。这山里民歌早年多得是,要找到个老歌师,几天几夜唱不完。
我放是问起这山上打石工唱的号子,他说:
"嗅,那是高腔,巴东那边来的,他们山那边树都砍光了外出来打石头。
"也有一套套的唱腔和唱词?
"唱腔多少有个谱,唱词大都即兴的,想到什么唱什么,多半都很粗俗。
"有许多骂人的脏话?
他笑着说:
"这些石工长年在外没女人,拿石头来发泄。
"我听起来音调怎么有种悲凉动人的东西?
他点头说:"是这种曲调,不听词像是在哭诉、满好听的,可唱词没什么意思。你看看这个。
他从纸包里拿起个笔记本,翻到一页递给我看。写着"黑暗传》歌头",下面记录的是:
吉日良辰,天地开张。
孝家和众友,请我们歌鼓-人,
来到歌场,开个歌头。
一二三四五,金木水火土。
歌头非是容易开,
未曾开口汗长流。
夜深人静,月明星稀,
我们准备开歌头。
开个长的夜又深,
开个短的到不了天亮,
只有开个不长也不短的,
才不耽误众位歌郎。
一开天地水府,
二开日月星光,
三开五方土地,
四开闪电娘娘,
五开盘古分天地,
六开三皇五帝, 历代 君王,
七开青狮白象,黄龙凤凰,
八开守门的恶犬,
九开魑魅魍魉,
十开虎豹豺狼,
叫你们站在一边,闪在一旁,
让我们唱歌的 郎 君,来进歌场!
"太精采了!'我赞叹道,"你哪里抄来的?"这是我前两年在山里当小学教员时,请一个老歌师边唱边记录下来的。"
"这语言真叫漂亮,完全是打心里流出来的,根本不受所谓民歌体五言七言格律的限制卜'
"你这就说对了,这才是真正的民歌。"
他喝着酒,表面的那种怯弱全然消失了。
"这是没被文人糟蹋过的民歌!发自灵魂的歌!你明白吗?你拯救了一种文化!不光是少数民族,汉民族也还有一种不受儒家伦理教化污染的真正的民间文化!"我兴奋得不行。
"你又说对了,慢点,你再往下看!'他神采风扬,也脱去了基层小干部的那种表面的谦卑,干脆接过笔记本,一边描述一边摹仿歌师唱颂时的举止模样,高声唱颂道:
我在这里高拱手,
你是哪里的歌手?哪里的歌郎?
家在哪州哪府?又因何事来到此方?
我在这里答礼:
我是扬州来的歌鼓,
柳州来的歌郎,
只因四海歌场访友,
才来到贵方宝地,
乞望照看原谅。
你肩挑一担是什么?
你手提一笼是何物?
压得背儿骆驼,腰地弯弯,
还望歌师指点。
我肩挑的是一担歌本,
手提的是一部奇书,
不知歌师是否看过?
我为领教特来尊府。
我仿佛已见其人,已闻其声,一声响锣,鼓声点点,但是窗外只有山风声涛和哗哗水声。
歌有三百六十担,
你挑的是哪一担?
歌有三万六千本,
你提的是哪一卷?
叫声歌师我知情,
第一卷是先天之书,
第一本是先天之文。
一听我就明白,
歌师本是行家,
能知先天之事,
能知后世地理天文。
我这里也来相问,
哪年哪月歌出世?
哪天哪月歌出生?
黑暗一个凄凉苍老的声音,随着风声鼓点,我仿佛也都听见。
伏羲来制琴,
女娲来做笙,
有阴才能言,
有阳才有声。
阴阳相配才有人,
有人才能有声音,
有了声音才有歌,
歌多才能出歌本。
当年孔子删下的书,
丢在荒郊野外处,
一本吹到天空中,
才有牛郎织女情。
二本吹到海里去,
渔翁捡到唱怨魂。
三本吹到庙堂里,
和尚道士唱圣经。
四本落到村巷里,
女子唱的是思情。
五本落到水田中,
农夫当作山歌唱,
六本就是这《黑暗传),
歌师捡来唱亡灵。
"这只是个开场的歌头,那么这《黑暗传》呢?"我在房里走动,站住问。
他说这本是山里早年做丧事时唱的孝歌,死者的棺材下葬前,在灵堂的歌场上一连得唱上三天三夜。但是轻易是不能唱的,这歌一唱起来,别的歌子都必须禁声。他只记下了一小部分,没想到这老歌师一病就死了。