Soul Mountain (chinese)
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"Soul Mountain is one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves… In the writing of Gao Xingjian literature is born anew from the struggle of the individual to survive the history of the masses."
– from the citation of the Nobel Prize committee of the Swedish Academy
When this year's Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Chinese expatriate novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian, few in the English-speaking West were familiar with his work. Gao's masterpiece, SOUL MOUNTAIN (PerfectBound, an e-book from HarperCollins; February 20, 2001; $19.95), is a dazzling kaleidoscope of fiction, philosophy, history and fable. Elegantly translated by Australian sinologist Mabel Lee, this richly textured autobiographical novel recounts a dual journey-a literal journey into the heart of China and a spiritual journey of the self.
When Gao was 43, he was incorrectly diagnosed with lung cancer. Resigned to death by the same means that had claimed his father just a few years before, Gao spent six weeks indulging his appetites and reading philosophy. The spot on Gao's lung mysteriously disappeared, but a new threat arose when rumors began to circulate that he was to be sent to a prison farm because of his controversial writings. No longer facing imminent death, the writer quickly left Beijing and disappeared into the remote forest regions of Sichuan, then spent five months wandering along the Yangtze River from its source down to the coast. Gao's 15,000 kilometer sojourn forms the geographic parameters of the fictional journey in SOUL MOUNTAIN.
While on a train at the start of his trip, the writer protagonist meets another traveler who says he is going to Lingshan, "soul mountain," which can be found by the remote source of the You River. The writer has never heard of such a place, and he resolves to go there, but his fellow traveler can give him none but the vaguest directions. Thus begins a metaphoric odyssey into the hinterlands of China and the outlying Qiang, Miao and Yi districts that dangle on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization.
The writer is in search of the traditions that are hidden in rural China, and as he travels he encounters a parade of unforgettable characters who embody both vestiges of the past-Daoist masters, Buddhist monks, ancient calligraphers-and the modern culture that has surfaced since the revolution: small town communist cadres, budding entrepreneurs, independent young girls grappling with parochial repression. The two worlds exist uneasily as one, with stories and customs from centuries past colliding with a world of televisions, automobiles, and technology. All is permeated by the dark legacy of the Cultural Revolution, the encroachment of ecological damage, and the harsh monetary realities of everyday life in contemporary China.
SOUL MOUNTAIN is a dazzling work of the imagination, where classic fables merge with tales of modern cruelty and ancient philosophy does battle with existentialism. But Gao goes deeper still as he explores notions of the devastation of the self at the hands of social expectations. He continually shifts his narrative voice as the "I" of the writer becomes the "you" of an imagined companion, then the "she" of a woman companion. Yet all reflects back on the protagonist, who craves these two seemingly contradictory ends-the solitude necessary for nurturing the self and the anxiety-provoking warmth of human society.
Gao began this novel in the mid-eighties, then carried the manuscript with him when he fled China in 1987. Now living in Paris, he completed the book there in 1989. His writings continue to be banned in his native country. As Gao's work at last gains the public's attention here in the West, SOUL MOUNTAIN provides a dazzling introduction to the achievement of one of contemporary literature's acknowledged masters.
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五十七
我是从北边的房县进入神农架的,如今盛传野人出没之地。据清末的《郧阳府志》记载,这南北八百里的林区,当年"林虎昼啸,野猩时啼",足见蛮荒。我并非调查野人而来,实在想看看这片原始森林是否还在。我也并非怀着那种未曾混灭的使命感,它压迫我,令我活得十分不自在,只是想既然已经从长江上游的高原和大山里一路下来,中游这一片山区不能漏了不看。没有目的便是目的,搜寻这行为自成一种目标,且不管搜寻什么。而生命本身原本又没有目的,只是就这样走下去罢了。
夜间大雨滂沱,到早晨也还小雨不断。公路两边已没有象样的林木,山上只爬满了葛藤和猕猴桃,河里和溪涧都是浑黄的浊流。我上午十一点到了县城,去林业局招待所想找进林区的便车,碰上正在召开三级干部会。我弄不清是哪三级,总归同木材有关。
中午会议上聚餐,听说我是从北京来的作家,负责张罗的一位科长便拉我一起进餐,还安排了下午要出车的一名司机坐在我边上,一味劝酒。
"没有作家不会喝酒的!"这科长长得圆实,人满豪爽。
大碗大碗烫热的米酒很好进口,人人酒性焕发,面泛红光。我不能扫兴,也跟着豪饮。一顿酒板下来,我头晕乎乎的,那司机也不能出车了。
开会的人下午继续开会,司机则领我推开一间客房,各人找个铺,倒下一觉睡到了傍晚。
晚餐还有剩菜剩酒,干脆再醉。我只得在招待所过夜了。司机来说,山水把道路冲坏了,明天能不能出车还很难说。好在休养生息,他也乐得。
晚上,这科长来同我聊天,他想打听首都宴会上都吃些什么?先上什么菜?后上什么菜?说是去过北京故宫看过的人回来说,给慈禧太后做一顿饭得杀掉一百只鸭子,问可是真的?毛主席老人家中南海里住的地方是否还开放参观?电视里播放的那打补丁的睡衣我见过没有?我借此也问问他这里的掌故。他说解放前这里没有多少人,伐木的南河有一家,斗河有一家,放到大河里才扎排,全年木材外销量不到一百五十立方米。从这里到神农架,一路上只有三户人家。一直到六0年以前,森林基本上未遭到破坏。之后通了公路,情况就不一样啦,现今每年要上交五万立方米木材,生产发展了,人也来多了。原先每年第一次春雷,山洞里就出鱼,用竹匾堵在洞口水流上,一接一箩筐,现在是鱼都吃不到了。
我又问这县城的历史。他脱了鞋,盘腿坐上床说:"要讲历史嘛,可就古老啦,离这里不远,他们来考古的在山洞里还发现了古猴人的牙齿!"
他见我对古猴兴趣不大,又讲起野人。
"这东西要碰上了,他会抓住你肩膀直摇,弄得你晕头转向,他哈哈大笑,转身倒走了。"我觉得他这像是从古书上看来的。
"你见到过野人吗?"我问
"还是不见到的好。这东西比人高,一般总有两米多,一身红毛,披着长头发,这么说说不要紧,真见到可吓人呢。不过,他轻易不害人,只要你不伤他,还会咿咿呀呀讲话,特别见到女人,咧嘴就笑。"
这都是他听来的,恐怕也讲了几千年了,他讲的又不很新鲜,只好打断他:
"你们职工中有没有见到的?我不是说农民或山里老乡,我是说你们林区的干部工人中,有见到过的吗?"
"怎么没有?松柏镇革委会主任,他一起好几个人坐的一辆小吉普,就在公路上叫野人截住,当时全傻了,眼看他一摇一摆走了。都是我们林区的干部,我们都认识,都玩得来的。"
"革命委员会这也是好多年前的事了,最近有人见到过没有?"
"来考查野人的多得是,现在每年好几百,全国各地都有人来,中央科学院的,上海的大学老师,还有部队的政委、去年从香港还来了两个,一个商人,一个是消防队员,我们没让他们进去。"
"有见到过野人的?"怎么没有?我说的野人考察队的这政委是个军人,同车还带了两名警卫员。也是下了一夜的大雨,路面冲坏了,第二天又是大雾,就迎面碰上啦!'
"没抓着?"
"车灯的能见度只有两三米远,等他们操枪赶下车这东西就跑掉了。"
我摇摇头,表示惋惜。
"新近还专门成立了一个野人学会,地区党委早先的宣传部长亲自挂帅,他们掌握有野人的脚印的照片,野人毛和头发。"
"这我倒见过,"我说,"我看过一个展览,恐怕就是这野人学会举办的。也见到过展出的野人脚印的放大的照片,他们还出了一本有关野人的资料,从古书上对野人的记载到国外对雪人和大脚怪的报导,还有好些对目击者的调查报告,"我-一表示认可。"我还见到一张地方报纸上登了一只砍下的野人脚掌的照片。"
"什么样的?"他弯腰冲我问。
"像一只风干了的熊掌。"
"那不对,"他摇摇头,"熊掌是熊掌,野人脚掌比熊掌要长,同人的脚板差不多。我为什么先头对你讲那古猴人的牙齿呢?照我看,这野人就是还没有进化成人的猿人!你说呢?"
"那也没准,"我说,打了个哈欠,都是那米酒的缘故。
他松下劲来,也打了个哈欠,会议上整天忙碌聚餐够他累的了。
第二天他们还继续开会。司机来说路没修好,我也得再歇一天。我又找到这位科长,说:
"你们开会都很忙,免得打扰。有没有哪位退休的干部了解这县城历史?我好同他聊聊去。"他想起了一个劳改释放回来的前国民党时代代理过县长的,说:"这老头子什么都知道,也算是个知识分子。县委新成立的县志编写小组总找他调查核实材料。
我在一条阴湿泥泞的小巷里,挨门挨户果真问到了他家。
这是个目光敏锐的瘦老头,请我在他堂屋里坐下,不停咳嗽,一会让茶,一会请我吃瓜子,看得出他满腹疑虑,不明白我的底细。
我说我想写一部历史小说,同现今毫无关系,特来拜访请教。他这才释然,不咳嗽了,手也不动这动那,点起一支烟,挺直腰杆,靠在硬木椅背上,竟也侃侃而谈。
"这里西周属赴彭国,春秋时属放楚国;到了战国时代,成为秦楚必争之地。战祸一起,杀人如麻,历史尽管久远,却一直地广人稀、满人入关后,全县三千多人丁,杀得只剩下十分之一。再说,元代红巾军起事以来,这里土匪就不断。
我弄不清他是否把红巾军也算做土匪。
"明末李自成,一直到清康熙二年,他的势力才被消灭。嘉庆元年,这里全是白莲教。张献忠和捻军也攻占过。再有是太平军,到了民国时期,官匪、土匪、兵匪,都很多。
"那么这里一直是土匪窝?"我问。
他笑了一笑,也不作答。"一到太平年景,这里外迁来的,土生土长的,人丁又兴旺起来,也还繁荣。史书记载,周平王曾在这里采风,也就是说公元前七百多年前,这里民歌就很盛行。
"那就太老古了,"我说,"能不能请你讲讲你亲自经历过的事情?比方说,民国年间,这官匪、土匪、兵匪怎么个闹法?"
"官匪,我可举一例,一个师两千来人哗变,好淫妇女就好几百,还拉了二百多人做叶于,有大人也有小孩,这叶子是土匪的黑话,也就是肉票,要枪枝、弹药、布匹、手电来赎人,一个人头动辄一两千银元,限期交到。得雇人用箩筐挑到指定的地点,有家人送到晚了半天,连绑去的小孩子也照样撕票,只赎回了一只耳朵,至于小土匪闹,无非杀个把人,抢了钱财就跑。"
"那太平盛世呢?你是否见过?"我问。
"太平盛世…"他想了想,点了点头,"也有,那年是赶三月三的庙会,这县城里有九个戏台,全画梁雕栋,十几个戏班子,白天、夜里连轴转。辛亥革命之后,民国五年,这县城里的学堂也男女同校,还开过盛大的运动会,女子运动员穿短裤赛跑。到民国二十六年以后,民风又是一变,每年初一到十六,十字街上赌桌摆上好几十,一个大地主一夜输掉了一百零八个土地庙,你就算算多少田地和山林!妓院就有二十多家,不挂牌子,实际以此为业,远近几百里地的都来,昼夜接客。然后是蒋、冯、关三家军阀大战,抗战时日本人又大破坏一次。再就是帮会势力,人民政府接管之前到了高潮,当时城关镇八百多人,青帮占了四百,势力渗透到上层,县政府的秘书都参加进去,下层到贫苦人家,抢亲、盗窃、卖寡妇,干什么的都有。当小偷也要拜老五。大户人家婚丧,门口成百的乞丐,要不找到叫花头子老五买个人情,有枪杆都压不住。青帮多是二十来岁的青年,红帮年龄大些,土匪头子以红帮为主。"
"这帮会中人可有什么暗号,彼此沟通?"我来了兴趣。
"青帮是在家姓李,外出性潘,见面都称兄弟,叫做口不离潘,手不离三。"他把拇指和食指一环,张开其他二指,做了个手势。"手势是个暗示,彼此口称老五,老九,女的叫四姐,七姐。辈分不一样的以父子相称,师父,师母。红帮彼此称大爷,青帮称大哥。只要茶馆里坐下,把帽沿翻过来一搁,只管喝茶抽烟,自有人付帐。"
"你是否也入过帮派,"我小心翼翼问。
他微微一笑,呷了口茶。
"那年月要没点关系,代县长也不会做的。"他又摇了摇头,"都是以前的事啦。"
"你是不是认为文革的派别也有点这样!"