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Новая книга Самюэля Хантингтона посвящена анализу ключевой для современного общественного сознания проблемы - определения идентичности. Приоритет общенационального самосознания особенно важен для страны, которую принято называть «плавильным тиглем народов», - Соединенных Штатов Америки. Однако сегодня в США набирают силу дезинтеграционные процессы, ставящие под сомнение сам факт дальнейшего существования феномена американской идентичности. Америка, как убедительно доказывает профессор Хантингтон, находится на переломе - и от того, в какую сторону в конце концов качнется маятник, зависит будущее не только Соединенных Штатов, но и всей мировой системы в целом.
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313 Frederick Douglass, quoted in Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 48, 52.
314 Ronald Takaki, Double Victory: A Multicultural History of America (Boston: Little, Brown 2000), p. 82.
315 John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988) p. 12ff; Kevin Phillips, The Cousins' Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 543 ff.
316 John A. Hawgood, The Tragedy of German-America (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1940), p. 291-301; Ronald Fernandez, "Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (1981), p. 64-664 Higham, Strangers in the Land, pp, 216 -17.
317 New York Times, 5 July 1918, p. 1, 6; John J. Miller, "Americanization Past and Future", Freedom Review, 28 (Fall 1997), p. 11.
609
318 Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), p. 20; Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 175.
319 Michael Walzer, What It Means to Be an American (New York: Marsilio, 1992), p. 49.
320 Boston Globe, 27 May 2002, p. A1; 15 August 2002, p. A3; 23 November 2002, p.A15.
321 Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 219-21.
322 Marilyn Halter, Washington Post Weekly Edition, 24 July 2000, p. 21.
323 Cm. Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), passim; and Michael Jones-Correa, Between Two Nations: The Political Predicament of Latinos in New York City (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) p.5, 69-90.
324 Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 120, 134-35, 221-23; James R. Edwards and James G. Gimbel, "The Immigration Game", American Outlook, Summer 1999, p. 43; Linda Chavez, "Multiculturalism Getting Out of Hand", USA Today, 14 December 1994, p. 13A.
325 Mark Krikorian, "Will Americanization Work in America?" Freedom Review, 28 (Fall 1997), p. 51-52; Ruben G. Rumbaut, Achievement and Ambition among Children of Immigrants in Southern California (Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper No. 215, November 1997), p. 14-15; Peter Skerry, "Do We Really Want Immigrants to Assimilate?" Society, 37 (March-April 2000), p. 60, citing University of California Diversity Project, Final Report: Recommendations and Findings (Berkeley: Graduate School of Education,
2000).
326 Fernando Mateo, quoted in New York Times, 19 July 1998, p. 1; Levitt, Transnational Villagers, p. 3-4, 239-40; Jones-Correa, Between Two Nations, p. 5-6, 191 -93; Robert S. Leiken, The Melting Border: Mexico and Mexican Communities in the United States (Washington, D. C: Center for Equal Opportunity, 2000), p. 4-5.
327 Suro, Strangers Among Us, p. 124.
610
328 Levitt, Transnational Villagers, p. 219, citing 1990 census data.
329 Ibid, p. 2-3.
330 Deborah Sontag and Celia W. Dugger, "The New Immigrant Tide: A Shuttle Between Worlds", New York Times, 19 July 1998, p. 26; New York Times, 17 June 2001, p. 1; Levitt, Transnational Villagers, p. 16, citing Lars Schoultz, "Central America and the Politicization of U.S. Immigration Policy", in Christopher Mitchell, ed., Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 189.
331 Ryan Rippel, "Ellis Island or Ellis Farm" (Term paper, Government 1582, Harvard University, Spring 2002), p. 14, 28.
332 Leiken, The Melting Border, p. 6, 13, 12-15; Levitt, Transnational Villagers, p. 180ff.
333 Stanley A. Renshon, Dual Citizens in America (Washington, D. C: Center for Immigration Studies, backgrounder, July 2000), p. 3, and Dual Citizenship and American National Identity (Washington, D. C: Center for Immigration Studies, Paper 20, October 2001), p. 15.
334 Renshon, Dual Citizens in America, p. 6; Aleinikoff, "Between Principles and Politics: U.S. Citizenship Policy", in T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer, eds., From Migrants to Citizens: Membership in a Changing World (Washington, D. C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000), p. 139-40.
335 Michael Jones-Correa, "Under Two Flags: Dual Nationality in Latin America and Its Consequences for Naturalization in the United States", International Migration Review, 35 (Winter 2001), p. 1010.
336 Ibid., p. 1016-17.
337 Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Post national Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 205; Nathan Glazer, estimate, Harvard University, Globalization and Culture Seminar, 16 February 2001.
338 Jones-Correa, "Under Two Flags", p. 1024; Boston Globe, 20 December 1999, p. Bl; 13 May 2000, p. B3.
611
339 Jones-Correa, "Under Two Flags", p. 1004, 1008.
340 New York Times, 19 June 2001, p. A4, 3 July 2001, p. A7; Levitt, Transnational Villagers, p. 19.
341 Относительно оценки стоимости и преимуществ двойного гражданства см. Peter H. Schuck, "Plural Citizenships", in Noah M. J. Pickus, ed., Immigration and Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), p. 162-76.
342 James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 55, 267-69, 281-82, 343ff.
343 Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 178.
344 Aleinikoff, "Between Principles and Politics", p. 137.
345 Peter H. Schuck and Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 167, n. 31.
346 Renshon, Dual Citizenship and American National Identity, p. 6; Renshon, Dual Citizens in America, p. 3.
347 Cm. Schuck, "Plural Citizenships", p. 149-51, 173 ff.; Renshon, Dual Citizenship and American National Identity, p. 11-12.
348 Aristotle, The Politics, 1275a, 1278a, quoted in Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 53-54. Cm. p. 92-113 перевода Эрнеста Бейкера (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946) относительно обширных рассуждений Аристотеля о гражданстве при различных формах общественного устройства.
349 Schuck, "Plural Citizenships", p. 169.
350 Soysal, Limits of Citizenship, p. 1.
351 Joseph H. Carens, "Why Naturalization Should Be Easy: A Response to Noah Pickus", in Pickus, Immigration and Citizenship, p. 143.
352 Deborah J. Yashar, "Globalization and Collective Action", Comparative Politics, 34 (April 2002), p. 367, citing Soysal, Limits of Citizenship, p. 119ff.; Schuck and Smith, Citizenship Without Consent, p. 107.
612
353 Aleinikoff, "Between Principles and Politics", p. 150.
354 Peter J. Spiro, "Questioning Barriers to Naturalization", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 13 (Summer 1999), p. 517; Aleinikoff, "Between Principles and Politics", p. 154.
355 Jones-Correa, Between Two Nations, p. 198, n. 11; Leticia Quezada, quoted in Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 11-17 July 1994, p. 23.
356 David Jacobson, Rights Across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship
