Soul Mountain (chinese)
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"Soul Mountain is one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves… In the writing of Gao Xingjian literature is born anew from the struggle of the individual to survive the history of the masses."
– from the citation of the Nobel Prize committee of the Swedish Academy
When this year's Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Chinese expatriate novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian, few in the English-speaking West were familiar with his work. Gao's masterpiece, SOUL MOUNTAIN (PerfectBound, an e-book from HarperCollins; February 20, 2001; $19.95), is a dazzling kaleidoscope of fiction, philosophy, history and fable. Elegantly translated by Australian sinologist Mabel Lee, this richly textured autobiographical novel recounts a dual journey-a literal journey into the heart of China and a spiritual journey of the self.
When Gao was 43, he was incorrectly diagnosed with lung cancer. Resigned to death by the same means that had claimed his father just a few years before, Gao spent six weeks indulging his appetites and reading philosophy. The spot on Gao's lung mysteriously disappeared, but a new threat arose when rumors began to circulate that he was to be sent to a prison farm because of his controversial writings. No longer facing imminent death, the writer quickly left Beijing and disappeared into the remote forest regions of Sichuan, then spent five months wandering along the Yangtze River from its source down to the coast. Gao's 15,000 kilometer sojourn forms the geographic parameters of the fictional journey in SOUL MOUNTAIN.
While on a train at the start of his trip, the writer protagonist meets another traveler who says he is going to Lingshan, "soul mountain," which can be found by the remote source of the You River. The writer has never heard of such a place, and he resolves to go there, but his fellow traveler can give him none but the vaguest directions. Thus begins a metaphoric odyssey into the hinterlands of China and the outlying Qiang, Miao and Yi districts that dangle on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization.
The writer is in search of the traditions that are hidden in rural China, and as he travels he encounters a parade of unforgettable characters who embody both vestiges of the past-Daoist masters, Buddhist monks, ancient calligraphers-and the modern culture that has surfaced since the revolution: small town communist cadres, budding entrepreneurs, independent young girls grappling with parochial repression. The two worlds exist uneasily as one, with stories and customs from centuries past colliding with a world of televisions, automobiles, and technology. All is permeated by the dark legacy of the Cultural Revolution, the encroachment of ecological damage, and the harsh monetary realities of everyday life in contemporary China.
SOUL MOUNTAIN is a dazzling work of the imagination, where classic fables merge with tales of modern cruelty and ancient philosophy does battle with existentialism. But Gao goes deeper still as he explores notions of the devastation of the self at the hands of social expectations. He continually shifts his narrative voice as the "I" of the writer becomes the "you" of an imagined companion, then the "she" of a woman companion. Yet all reflects back on the protagonist, who craves these two seemingly contradictory ends-the solitude necessary for nurturing the self and the anxiety-provoking warmth of human society.
Gao began this novel in the mid-eighties, then carried the manuscript with him when he fled China in 1987. Now living in Paris, he completed the book there in 1989. His writings continue to be banned in his native country. As Gao's work at last gains the public's attention here in the West, SOUL MOUNTAIN provides a dazzling introduction to the achievement of one of contemporary literature's acknowledged masters.
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七十五
我路过上海,在火车站排着龙蛇长阵的售票处截到了一张去北京的特快车的退票,一个多小时之后便坐上了火车,十分庆幸。这庞大而拥挤的千万人的都市对我已没有什么意思,我想看的我那位远房伯父比我父亲死得更早,他们都没能活到光荣告老。
那条穿过市区乌黑的吴淞江成天散发恶臭,鱼鳖都死绝了,真不明白这城市里的人怎么活得下去?连日常饮用的处理过的自来水总是浑黄的且不说,还一股消毒药品氯气味,看来这人比鱼虾更有耐性。
长江口我以前去过,除了浩荡浑黄的波涛上浮游的不怕生锈的钢铁货轮,就是被浊浪冲刷的长满芦苇的泥岸。水里的泥沙还在沉积,直到有一天把这东海也变成漫无边际的沙洲。
我记得我小的时候,长江水无论晴天雨天还是清澄。岸边的鱼摊从早起到傍晚都摆着比小孩还长的鱼,斩开分段来卖。我去了沿江许许多多的口岸,别说再也没见到这么大的鱼,连鱼摊都难得碰上。只在三峡出口前的万县,石砌的三四十公尺高的堤岸,见到过几个鱼摊,竹箩筐里全是尺寸长的小毛鱼,早先只作为猫食。那时候,我总爱站在江边的码头上,看人从是船上下铁的滚钓,鱼出水当口,那一番紧张,活脱鱼同人的搏斗。如今光长江规划办公室这么个机构就有上万人在那里规划,他们的一个什么处下的什么科里的接待我的一位科员,等他领导走开,私下里告诉我,这江里上百种淡水鱼已濒临绝迹。
也就在那万县夜泊时,望着岸上的一片灯光,轮船上的大副同我在甲板上抽烟聊天,说他就躲在那驾驶舱里,目睹了文革武斗时一场大屠杀,杀的当然是人而不是鱼。三个人一串,用铁丝拴住手腕,统统被扫射的机枪赶下江去。只要一个被撩倒,这一串全拖进水里,像鱼上钩一样,劈劈拍拍一阵子挣扎,然后,像一条条死狗随江水漂去。可奇怪的是,人越杀越多,鱼越捕越少,要倒过来呢?该有多好。
人和鱼倒有一点相同,那就是大鱼和大人弄得都没有了,足见这世界并不为他们而设。
我这远房的伯父恐怕是大人中最后的一个,我讲的不是大人物,那什么时候都济济满堂,只要有庆典,只要有宴会。我说的大人是我敬仰的人。我敬仰的我这位伯父打错了针药,本来住院只是肺炎,一针下去,只两个小时,便进了太平间。我听说过医院里杀人的事,总不愿相信他死得也这么惨。我就在那大动乱之中,最后一次见他,也是他第一次同我这毛头小伙子,说的是当时,正经谈起文学与政治。这之前,他只哄过我玩。他喉音深沉,能用世界语唱"国际歌",还带点哮端。他年纪不大就有这毛病,说是战争时期烟草的代用品抽多了的缘故。他说战地弄不到烟叶子的时候,烟瘾上来了,什么都能抽,比如把白菜和棉花叶子烘乾了,也能抽上几口,人不论到哪种境地,都想得出办法。
他也总有办法逗小孩子开心。我大概是同我母亲赌气,绝食对抗,她为我盛上的鸡汤热面我故意凉着就是不吃,那是一场意志的较量。我人小也有人的尊严,弓绷在弦上,正僵持不下,眼看我母亲就要发火,等着我的只能是出丑。我这伯父拉我便走,领我上大街买冰淇淋去了。
街上刚下过暴雨,水流成河。他了军人的大皮鞋,挽起裤脚,涉水领我进了一家冷饮店,我足足吃了整整两大块雪糕,之后再也没有一次吃过那么多冷食。回到家里,我母亲见他拎着皮鞋那副狼狈样,也就笑了,我同我母亲之间的冷战便宣告结束。他,我这位伯父,才真正具有大人的风度。
他的父亲,更早已死于吃鸦片玩女人,是个买办资本家。当时给他几千银元,要他去美国留洋,不让他再卷入共产党的地下活动,他却分文不要,偷跑到江西,参加新四军抗战救亡去了。
他说他在皖南山区新四军军部的时候,从一个农民手里买下了一只豹崽子,偷偷养在他床铺底下的铁丝笼子里,一到夜间这东西野性发作,总吼叫不已。部队开发时,没舍得杀掉,只好送人了。
他当时谈话的对手是我父亲,他把送他来的汽车司机和随身的警卫员打发走,每次来总从皮包里拿出一瓶市场上买不到的好酒,给我的则是一大包上海的什锦糖果。他们一谈起来便通宵达旦,讲他们童年少年时的往事,同我现今和我少年时的同学偶尔相聚时一样。
他讲到他们那长满瓦楞草的故居老屋的凄凉,讲到秋风冷雨,他从城外小学堂回来,流了一衣襟的鼻血。小孩子受了惊骇,跑着哭着,那一条长街的熟人和远房的亲戚都站在屋檐下或坐在柜台后面冷眼看着,只有个卖豆腐的老板娘出来一把拦住,拖进她磨房里,用草纸捻子给他堵住鼻血。
他还讲到他们老家,我那疯子曾祖父放火又被家人抢救下来的老屋,那隔壁一个殉情的女子,前一天还看见她从布店里夹一块花布出来,以为她要做嫁妆,没两天她却穿着这花布做的一身新衣裤吞针自杀了。
我裹着被子傻听着不肯去睡,见他哮喘,还一根接一根抽烟,说到激动处,就在房里踱步。他说他只想有朝一日辞了官,找个地方去写书。
我去上海最后一次见他,他手里捏个什么激素的喷管,哮喘得止不住时,往喉咙里便噗嗤一下。我问起他书写了没有,他说幸亏没写,要不这条命还不知在不在。这也是他唯一的一次不把我当作孩子,正告我这不是做文学的时代,也不要去搞什么政治,一卷进去便不知东南西北,脑袋掉了还不知道。我说我大学里学的业务也弄不成。那就去当观察家,他说他现在就是观察家,这场革命之前,农村饿死人报纸上反右倾的那年代,已经隔离审查过一回,多年来早就靠边站了。怪不得那时候我父亲也同他失去联系,他只带了个口信,说他军务在身,上海南岛天涯海角视察去了,当时并不知道他这话里还有话。
我这才开始观察,就在这条京沪线上,见到手持铁矛,头戴柳条帽,箍着红袖章所谓文攻武卫的战士,在站台上一字排开。火车刚一停,全堵到各车厢门口,一位正要下车的旅客转身又往回挤。他们立刻涌了进来。这人高喊救命,车厢里竟没有一个人敢动弹。眼看他被揪住拖下车去,站台上的一伙立即围上,又踢又打。火车在嚎叫声中徐徐开动,再也不知这人死活。
当时,沿途的一个个城市全都疯了,围墙、厂房、高压电线杆、水塔,人手营造的一切建筑物都喊起誓死捍卫、打倒、砸烂和血战到底的口号。车里的广播和车外所经之处的高音喇叭全都高唱战歌,火车也一路吼叫,到了长江北边一个叫明光的车站,天知道怎么还有这么个地名,从站台到铁轨两旁,密密集集全是逃难的人。火车干脆不开车门,人纷纷从敞开的车窗爬上来,落进已成沙丁鱼罐头的车厢里,令人窒息的车厢里的众人拼命又去关窗。于是,以窗玻璃为界,本来都在逃难的众人里外顿时又互为敌人。这透明的窗玻璃就这么古怪,一旦隔开,对方的脸全都变形,充满愤怒和仇恨。
火车吼叫着起动了,石块像暴雨一样袭来,咒骂声,撞击声,碎裂声伴随惊叫,响成一片,人下地狱时大抵就这番景象,还都以为在为真理而受难。
也还在那些年代里,也还在这条铁路线上,我见到一段赤裸的女人的躯体,像快刀斩鱼一样,叫车轮闸得整整齐齐。列车先是猛烈震荡,汽笛,金属和玻璃都尖叫起来,以为发生了地震。那年月也真叫奇怪,仿佛天人感应,地也发疯,震个没完。
火车又冲出了一两百公尺,方才煞住。列车员,乘警和旅客跳下车。沿线路基的枯草茎上到处挂的血肉丝,空中弥漫一股腥味,人血比鱼血更腥。路基的斜坡上躺着这段没有头颈手臂和下肢的浑圆的女人的身躯,血浆大概全迸发了,苍白得竟然没有一丝血迹,较之断残的大理石雕更多一层肌肤的润泽,这健美的年轻的女性的肉体依然残留生命和欲念的痕迹。旅客中一位老人,从远处的枯枝上抬回来一块绞烂了的衣服的碎片,盖在这躯体的腰下。司机用帽子擦着汗,拼命解释,说他怎样看见这女人走在两条铁轨当中,他鸣笛了人还不跑开,他同时拉闸,又不能拉得再猛,一车人都在车上,眼看着就撞上了,他才突然跃起,她刚跳…唉,她就是要自杀,明的找死,是个下放的女学生?是个农村妇女?还没生过孩子,这就不同说了,旅客们纷纷议论,她肯定并不想死,要不她跳开做什么?死有那么容易?死也得下狠心!她说不定在想心思?这又不是过马路,都大白天,迎面来的是火车?除非聋子,她成心不活了,活着还不如一死,说这话的人赶紧走开。我只为生存而战,不,我不为什么而战,我只守护我自己。我没有这女人的勇气,还不到绝望地境地,还迷恋这人世,还没有活够。