Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

New words

bone – кость

in addition – в дополнение

to serve – служить

to protect – защищать

internal – внешний

calcium – кальций

phosphorus – фосфор

inside – внутри

major – главный

red – красный

white – белый

blood cells – кровяные клетки

age – возраст

sex – пол

changes – перемены

to tend – иметь тенденцию

atrophy – атрофия

spongy – губчатый

outer – внешний

tendon – сухожилие

ligament – связка

responsible – ответственный, надежный

inner – внутренний

flexible – гибкий

periosteum – надкостница

osteoblast – остеобласт (клетка, образующая кость)

rigidity – неподвижность

to retain – удерживать, сохранять

shape – движение

but – но

to crumble – крошиться

to congregate – собираться

epiphyseal – относящийся к эпифизу

shaft – ствол, тело (длинной) кости, диафиз

spicules – выросты, отростки

strand – пучок

known as – известный как

Перед названиями месяцев и дней недели артикль не употребляется.

School begins in September.

We rest on Sunday.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания.

After – work

After – school

From – work

From – school

Перед порядковыми числительными употребляется определенный артикль.

Our classroom is on the second floor.

Today is the tenth of May.

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There are three rooms and. kitchen in our new flat.

2. My new dress is made of… silk.

3. If you want to write something on… blackboard, you must have… piece of… chalk.

4. Are there any pupils in… classroom?

5. I have… new English book… book is very interesting.

6. There is… garden in… front of our school… garden is not large, but it is very nice.

7… May is… fifth month of the year.

8… Saturday is… sixth day of the week.

9… Sunday is… day off.

10. My friends live in… small town. It is… new town.

11… streets in… town are broad and straight.

12. There are… beautiful buildings in them.

13… town is very green, and so… air is fresh.

14. There are… beautiful parks and gardens in… town.

15… people like to go there after… work.

16. In… evening you can hear… sounds of… music from… parks.

17. There are… schools,… libraries,… hospital,… theatre,… cinemas,… polyclinics and… kindergartens in… town.

18. This is… classroom… classroom is huge and light.

19. There is… picture on… wall.

20. What is… date today? It is… seventh of… December.

Answer the questions.

1. What do bones form?

2. How do bones act?

3. What is the body's major producer of both red and white blood cells?

4. What tendencies do bones have?

5. In how many ways are bones generally classified?

6. When does the formation of bone tissue begin?

7. Is compact bone strong or note?

8. What is called periosteum?

9. In what way does the bone loose its rigidity and become flexible?

10. Where are the osteocytes located?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

ЛЕКЦИЯ № 12. Skull

The extensive chapter covers the major bones of the skeleton as well as their associated muscles and tendons. Blood suppfy and inner-vation are reviewed for each muscle group. Bones of the skull may be classified as belonging to the neurocranium (the portion of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain) or the viscerocranium (i. e., the skeleton of the face). Osteology: bones of the neurocranium: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Ethmoid, Sphenoid.

Bones of the viscerocranium (surface): Maxilla, Nasal, Zygomatic, Mandible. Bones of the viscerocranium (deep): Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Vomer, Lacrimal, Palatine, Inferior nasal concha Articulations: Most skull bones meet at immovable joints called sutures. The sole exception is the temporomandibular joint, a synovial joint that has a hinge-gliding movement. The coronal suture is between the frontal and the parietal bones. The sagittal suture is between two parietal bones. The lambdoid suture is between the parietal and the occipital bones. The bregma is the point at which the coronal suture intersects the sagittal suture and is the site of the anterior fontanelle in an infant.

The lambda is the point at which the sagittal suture intersects the lambdoid suture and is the site of the posterior fontanelle in an infant. The pterion is the point on the lateral aspect of the skull where the greater wing of the sphenoid, parietal, frontal, and temporal bones converge. The temporomandibular joint is between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible.

The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands and has a dense connective tissue capsule. Structures found within the substance of this gland include the following: Motor branches of the facial nerve. CN VII enters the parotid gland after emerging from the stylomastoid foramen at the base of the skull. Superficial temporal artery and vein. The artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery.

External carotid artery: Retromandibular vein, which is formed from the maxillary and superficial temporal veins.

FACE: The muscles of facial expression are derived from the second pharyngeal arch and are supplied by motor branches of CN VII Таблица 2.

Great auricular nerve, which is a cutaneous branch of the cer vical plexus. Auriculotemporal nerve, which is a sensory branch of V3. It supplies the TMJ and conveys postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland. Parotid (Stensen's) duct, which enters the oral cavity at the level of the maxillary second molar. The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. It terminates as the angular artery near the bridge of the nose. The facial vein parallels the course of the facial artery. It terminates by joining the anterior branch.

New words

extensive – обширный

to cover – покрывать

brain – мозг

frontal – лобная

parietal – теменная

temporal – височная

occipital – затылочная

ethmoid – решетчатая

sphenoid – сфеноидальная

maxilla – верхняя челюсть

nasal – носовой

zygomatic – скуловой

mandible – нижняя челюсть

ethmoid – решетчатая

sphenoid – клиновидная

vomer – сошник

lacrimal – слезная

palatine – небная

nasal concha – носовая раковина

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания.

to have (cook, make, prepare) – breakfast

– lunch

– tea

– dinner

– supper

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1… third lesson today is… lesson of English.

2. Pete, go to… blackboard.

3. After school I usually go… home.

4. My father always comes from… work late: at eight o'clock or at… half past night.

5. But on… Friday he comes… home early: at half past four or at… quarter to five.

6. On… Satur day and on… Sunday he does not go to… work.

7. I go to… school in… morning, so I get up early.