UNIX — универсальная среда программирования
UNIX — универсальная среда программирования читать книгу онлайн
В книге американских авторов — разработчиков операционной системы UNIX — блестяще решена проблема автоматизации деятельности программиста, системной поддержки его творчества, выходящей за рамки языков программирования. Профессионалам открыт богатый "встроенный" арсенал системы UNIX. Многочисленными примерами иллюстрировано использование языка управления заданиями
shell.
Для программистов-пользователей операционной системы UNIX.
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lfCW n l.fBTable 3:fP Built-in Constants.sp .5DEG 57.29577951308232087680 @180/ [email protected], degrees per radianE 2.71828182845904523536 @[email protected], base of natural logarithmsGAMMA 0.57721566490153286060 @[email protected], Euler-Mascheroni constantPHI 1.61803398874989484820 @( sqrt 5 +1)/[email protected], the golden ratioPI 3.14159265358979323846 @[email protected], circular transcendental number.ТЕ.ix table~of [hoc] constants.NHStatements and Control Flow.PP.I Hocstatements have the following grammar:.DS.Istmt: expr | variable = expr | procedure ( arglist ) | while ( expr ) stmt | if ( expr ) stmt | if ( expr ) stmt else stmt | { stmtlist } | print expr-list | return optional-exprstmtlist: fR(nothing)fI | stmlist stmt.R.DEAn assignment is parsed by default as a statement rather thanan expression, so assignments typed interactivelydo not print their value..PPNote that semicolons are not special to.ix [hoc] input~format@[email protected]: statements are terminated by newlines.This causes some peculiar behavior.The following are legal.IT ifstatements:.DS.ft CWif (x < 0) print(y) else print(z)if (x < 0) { print(y)} else { print(z)}.ft.DEIn the second example, the braces are mandatory:the newline after the.I ifwould terminate the statement and produce a syntax error werethe brace omitted..PPThe syntax and semantics of @[email protected]control flow facilities are basically the same as in C.The.I whileand.I ifstatements are just as in C, except there are no @[email protected] or@[email protected] statements..NHInput and Output: @[email protected] and @[email protected].PP.ix [hoc] [read]~statement.ix [hoc] [print]~statementThe input function @[email protected], like the other built-ins,takes a single argument. Unlike the built-ins, though, the argumentis not ал expression: it is the name of a variable.The next number (as defined above) is read from the standard inputand assigned to the named variable.The return value of @[email protected] is 1 (true) if a value was read, and 0 (false)if @[email protected] encountered end of file or an error..PPOutput is generated with the ©print© statement.The arguments to @[email protected] are a comma-separated list of expressionsand strings in double quotes, as in C.Newlines must be supplied;they are never provided automatically by @[email protected].PPNote that @[email protected] is a special built-in function, and therefore takesa single parenthesized argument, while @[email protected] is a statement that takesa comma-separated, unparenthesized list:.DS.ft CWwhile (read(x)) { print "value is ", x, "n"}.ft.DE.NHFunctions and Procedures.PPFunctions and procedures are distinct in @[email protected],although they are defined by the same mechanism.This distinction is simply for run-time error checking:it is an error for a procedure to return a value,and for a function @[email protected] to return one..PPThe definition syntax is:.ix [hoc] function~definition.ix [hoc] procedure~definition.DS
