Теория струн и скрытые измерения вселенной
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Революционная теория струн утверждает, что мы живем в десятимерной Вселенной, но только четыре из этих измерений доступны человеческому восприятию.
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34
Richard Schoen (Stanford University), interview with author, January 31, 2008.
35
Demetrios Christodoulou, The Formation of Black Holes in General Relativity (Zurich: European Mathematical Society, 2009).
36
John D. S. Jones, “Mysteries of Four Dimensions,” Nature 332 (April 7, 1998): 488–489.
37
Simon Donaldson (Imperial College), interview with author, April 3, 2008.
38
Faye Flam, “Getting Comfortable in Four Dimensions,” Science 266 (December 9, 1994): 1640.
39
Ibid.
40
Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, “Chart the Realm of the 4th Dimension,” http://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/~dusautoy/2soft/4D.htm.
41
Grisha Perelman, “The Entropy Formula for the Ricci Flow and Its Geometric Applications,” November 11, 2002, http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0211159vl.
42
Eugenio Calabi (University of Pennsylvania), interview with author, October 18, 2007.
43
Robert Greene, interview with author, April 17, 2008.
44
Robert Greene, interview with author, June 24, 2008.
45
Eugenio Calabi, interview with author, October 18, 2007.
46
Robert Greene (UCLA), interview with author, January 29, 2008.
47
Eugenio Calabi (University of Pennsylvania), interview with author, May 14, 2008.
48
Ibid.
49
Erwin Lutwak (Polytechnic Institute of NYU), interview with author, May 15, 2008.
50
Calabi, interview, May 14, 2008.
51
Eugenio Calabi, interview with author, June 16, 2008.
52
Ibid.
53
Eugenio Calabi, interview with author, October 18, 2007.
54
Cumrun Vafa (Harvard University), interview with author, January 19,2007.
55
John Schwarz (California Institute of Technology), interview with author, August 13, 2008.
56
Michael Green (University of Cambridge), e-mail letter to author, August 15, 2008.
57
John Schwarz, interview with author, August 13, 2008.
58
Andrew Strominger (Harvard University), interview with author, February 7, 2007.
59
Andrew Strominger, interview with author, November 1, 2007.
60
Raman Sundrum (Johns Hopkins University), interview with author, January 25,2007.
61
Andrew Strominger, interview with author, February 7, 2007.
62
Dennis Overbye, “One Cosmic Question, Too Many Answers,” New York Times, September 2, 2003.
63
Juan Maldacena (Princeton University), interview with author, September 9, 2007.
64
Dan Freed (University of Texas), interview with author, June 24, 2008.
65
Tristan Hubsch (Howard University), interview with author, August 30, 2008.
66
Gary Horowitz (University of California, Santa Barbara), interview with author, February 15, 2007.
67
Eugenio Calabi (University of Pennsylvania), interview with author, October 18, 2007.
68
Woody Allen, “Strung Out,” New Yorker, July 28, 2003.
69
Liam McAllister (Cornell University), e-mail letter to author, April 24, 2009.
70
Allan Adams (MIT), interview with author, August 10, 2007.
71
Joe Polchinski (University of California, Santa Barbara), interview with author, January 29, 2007.
72
Brian Greene, The Fabric of the Cosmos (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), p. 372.
73
P. Candelas, G. Horowitz, A. Strominger, and E. Witten, “Vacuum Configurations for Superstrings,” Nuclear Physics В 258 (1985): 46–74.
74
Edward Witten (IAS), e-mail letter to author, July 24, 2008.
75
Volker Braun, Philip Candelas, and Rhys Davies, “A Three-Generation Calabi-Yau Manifold with Small Hodge Numbers,” October 28, 2009, http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0910/0910.5464vl.pdf.
76
Dennis Overbye, “One Cosmic Question, Too Many Answers,” New York Times, September 2, 2003.
77
Dale Glabach and Juan Maldacena, “Who’s Counting?” Astronomy, May 2006, p. 72.
78
Andrew Strominger, “String Theory, Black Holes, and the Fundamental Laws of Nature,” lecture, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., April 4, 2007.
79
Edward Witten (IAS), e-mail letter to author, July 21, 2008.
80
Petr Horava (University of California, Berkeley), interview with author, July 6, 2007.
81
Ibid.
82
Аллюзия на цитату из поэмы Томаса Стернза Элиота «Полые люди»: «Не взрыв, но всхлип». — Примеч. перев.
83
Ronen Plesser (Duke University), interview with author, September 3, 2008.
84
Ibid.
85
Marcus Grisaru (McGill University), interview with author, August 18, 2008.
86
Plesser, interview with author, September 3, 2008.
87
Shamit Kachru (Stanford University), interview with author, August 19, 2008.
88
Ashoke Sen (Harish-Chandra Research Institute), interview with author, August 22, 2008.
89
Jacques Distler and Brian Greene, “Some Exact Results on the Superpotential from Calabi-Yau Compactifications,” Nuclear Physics В 309 (1988): 295–316.
90
Doron Gepner, “Yukawa Couplings for Calabi-Yau String Compactification,” Nuclear Physics В 311 (1988): 191–204.
91
Kachru, interview with author, August 19, 2008.
92
Paul Aspinwall (Duke University), interview with author, August 14, 2008.
93
Wolfgang Lerche, Cumrun Vafa, and Nicholas Warner, “Chiral Rings in N=2 Superconformal Theories,” Nuclear Physics В 324 (1989): 427–474.
94
В. R. Greene, C. Vafa, N. P. Warner, “Calabi-Yau Manifolds and Renormalization Group Flows,” Nuclear Physics В 324 (1989): 371–390.
95
Brian Greene (Columbia University), interview with author, March 11,2010.
96
Ibid.
97
Doron Gepner, interview with author, August 19, 2008.
98
B. R. Greene and M. R. Plesser, “Duality in Calabi-Yau Moduli Space,” Nuclear Physics В 338 (1990): 15–37.
99
Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), p. 258.
